HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which are sexually transmitted and can cause genital warts or lead to certain types of cancer, including cervical, anal, and throat cancers. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, but persistent infection with high-risk strains can lead to precancerous lesions. Vaccination and regular screening, such as Pap smears, are key preventive measures.